Discuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct...

Discuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures. Adolescence describes the transitional stage in a teenager’s life, from childhood to adulthood, where an individual evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially. It is a defined social category that is expressed through immaturity and unpredictability and allows an individual to learn and discover their sense of self and identity. The idea of adolescence came into perspective after children were expected to take on adult roles as soon as they were mature enough to, going straight from puberty to adulthood. As society changed and moulded, so did the ideas about life stages, which is evident in Erikson’s theory.†¦show more content†¦It outlines the struggle an individual faces in finding stability between developing a sense of forming a unique identity while still being accepted and â€Å"fitting in† with society. Erikson believed that when teenagers adequately navigated their way through this crisis, they would transpire into having a clear understanding of their individual identity and easily share this new ‘self’ with others. However, if an individual is unable to navigate their way through this crisis period, they may be uncertain of who they are which can result in a lack of understanding, leading to disconnection from society and the people around them. If youth become stuck at this stage they will be unable to become emotionally mature adults, according to Erikson’s theory. This period of an individual’s life allows them to investigate possibilities which will lead them to discovering their own identity based upon the result of their explorations. A westernised culture that embraces the life stage of adolescence are the Indigenous Aboriginals of Australia. The aboriginals embrace adolescence by engaging in a tradition known as â€Å"Walkabout†, which passes a boy from childhood to adulthood. Although this tradition has been around for centuries, some Aboriginals in today’s society still partake in it but have adjusted some of the regulations. Walkabout refers to the journey an adolescent boy undertakes, alternating from a laid back playful child to a responsible andShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 PagesBASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. 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DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are like and how they changeRead MoreMoral Development During Adolescence Essay8689 Words   |  35 Pagestheories. Research shows that higher level reasoning in adolescence is related to parenting that is supportive and stimulates adolescents to question and expand on their reasoning, as well as with an authoritative parenting style (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998). 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This is a tremendous step in overcoming the development of eating disorders. Teaching adolescents about messages in media is different from what scholars have suggested for preventing eating disorders over the last several decades (Bennett et. al., 2001). Finally, I discuss the implications of my findings. DISORDERED EATING AND THE MEDIA Scholars have continuously tried to understand why people develop eating disorders. Many have tested andRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 9 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Hope Haslam Straughan Within the social work profession, there is a growing movement affirming that spirituality and religious beliefs are integral to the nature of the person and have a vital influence on human behavior (Hugen, 1998). Canda (1988) identifies spirituality as a basic aspect of human experience, both within and outside the context of religious institutions. If a social worker is going to approach a person in a holistic manner, he or she must be willingRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards Watches26763 Words   |  108 Pagesexplanation of the results. This work mainly focuses on culture, motivation, status and material consumption, generation Y and gender. It indicates that there has been a change in culture suggesting that Eastern consumers purchasing preferences appears to imitate Western style behaviour. In terms of purchasing luxury brand items, UK and Thai consumers seems to have the same motivational factors whereas Chinese respondents show a different perspective. Status and materialistic consumption have

Analysis Of Georgias Dont - 1005 Words

GEORGIA DANES who recently turned eighteen finds herself on a plane across the country to live with her AUNT AMELIIA’s, to deal with her anxiety while her parents deal with their marriage problems and pretend like Georgia’s don’t exist. Georgia doesn’t want to move, but feels that even though she is embarrassed of it, fixing her mental health is a priority. Her Cousin ANNA picks her up at the airport and gives her advice about living in a small town because everyone knows each other, before arriving home at her aunts end of sumer barbeque where Georgia meets many people at the small town and experience how gossipy the adults are. Of these people is WYATT. Georgia attends her first day at the new school, and arrives to class early to†¦show more content†¦However, each time she hangout with Abby becomes more erratic, especially after Abby decides to sign one of her pranks with Georgia’s name, getting Georgia in trouble. Despite constant confrontation Abby’s name and personality seems to weasel her way out of anything. Georgia continues to deny her crush on Tanner as she isn’t sure whether him and Abby are dating. In a one-on-one hangout Abby reveals that she knows Georgia goes to therapy and Georgia trusts her with this secret. With Abby missing social events and rumours on tell-view that she is pregnant, Georgia asks Tanner to confirm the rumours, who freaks on her in return. He shows up to her house the next day to applogize to her and admits he’s feeling a bit lost in life. When all seems calm Georgia’s biggest fear when tell—view exposes Georgia’s mental illness, convinced it’s Abby, she confronts her. Ending in a fight when Abby shares a secret of her own; that she too goes to therapy and that she is dying. Unsure about where Georgia stands with Abby, she turns to Grace. While getting to know Grace she learns that her seemingly perfect life is the opposite, she lives in poverty taking care of her grandma as both of her parents are in jail While they are hanging out Abby texts them both to come over. When they arrive they soon learn that Abby hasShow MoreRelatedUkrainian - Russian Gas Crisis4143 Words   |  17 Pagescountries as Ukraine, it is possible to supply the West, with the help of the alternative routes, meanwhile they do not carry a load for these countries. Russia: friends and enemies in Europe Stefano Braghiroli and Caterina Varta presented their analysis on the end of last year, in which EU s member states are categorised how loyal are they to Russia. †¢ In the end of the scale there are the „divorced Eastern† member states, who were part of the Sovjet Union. For now they behave like enemies

Advance Pulmonary Function Test

Questions: 1. What is your interpretation?2. Discuss the process you used and decisions made in coming to the interpretation.3. Relate the interpretation to the underlying respiratory physiology that determines the volume and flow of measured spirometry. Answers: 1. The patient has an irreversible moderate obstructive disorder because FEV1 is 40% of the normal value and the FEV1/FVC is Pre-measure FEV1 = 1.1/2.7 X 100 = 41% Post measure FEV1 = 42% FEV1 pre measures 1.1 FVC premeasured 1.7 = 0.65 FEV1/FVC post measures = 1.4/1.8 = 0.63 The spirogram indicates that there was no significant change in pre and post measures of both FEV1 and FVC even after introducing the intervention. According to a report by the Jones Medical Instrument Company (2008), a post change of FEV1 of as low as 5% is indicative of reversibility, but in this case, the FEV1 post change is 4%. There is submaximal exhalation and inspiration before and after the intervention. 2. Spirometry was the method used and my interpretation above is based on the cut-offs for Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio, which are the basic and essential measurements for the interpretation (National Institute of Health, 2016, par. 11). These measures help to determine how much, and how fast one inhales and exhales air. The FEV1/FVC ratio is a diagnostic parameter for air flow obstruction and the confirmation of obstructive disease whose cut-off is 0.7, meaning that a FEV/FVC ration 1 categories as mild, moderate, and severe as shown in the table below, which has been adapted from Pellegrino et al. (cited in Johnson and Theurer 2014). SEVERITY FEV1 PERCENTAGE OF PREDICTED Mild 70 Moderate 60 to 69 Moderately severe 50 to 59 Severe 35 to 49 Very severe 35 The FEV1 is 64%; thus, qualifying the condition to be a moderate obstructive disorder. In this case, there was no significant improvement in the patients condition even after an intervention. 3. Normally, exhalation increases and reaches a peak within the first second before gradually decreasing as all the air is expelled, but in this case, the situation is different. The spirogram indicates that the exhalation of air is limited such that there is strain in emptying the airways unlike in the normal situation; hence forming a concave shape in both pre and post measures. In both pre and post flow-volume curves, there is a decline in airflow such that the individual cannot attain total exhalation. During the pre-test, a dipping pattern is evident. The reduction of FEV1 is an indication of increased resistance to exhalation such that the lungs contain too much air that is difficult to expel. Obstructive diseases include COPD, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. In this case due to irreversibility of the obstructive effects, COPD is the obstructive defect in question (Johnson Theurer, 2014). Reference List Johnson, J. D., Theurer, W. M. (2014). A stepwise approach to the interpretation of pulmonary function tests. American Family Physician, 89(5), 359-366. Jones Medical Instrument Company. (2008). Easy spirometry interpretation guide. Drive, Oak Brook: Jones Medical Instrument Company. National Institute of Health. (2016). Pulmonary function tests. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003853.htm. Pearce, L. (2011). How to interpret spirometry results. Nursing Times, 107(43), 18-20.

Women, Gender ; Freedom Movement Essay Example

Women, Gender ; Freedom Movement Essay Many struggles took place and are still taken place in the society. Most of the struggles have been caused by the oppression coming from one quarter of the society. In whichever the struggle, women have always been affected, either directly or indirectly. Slavery and racism were some of the struggles heavily fought. On the other hand, women have had their own struggles to fight for the rights they feel have been affecting them as a gender group. One such important struggle is to have the rights to vote. After abolishing inhumane activities like slavery, there was a male political culture that constantly favored the men but affected the women.In the past generations, there have been many legal, social and political changes that have taken place, which goes without being noticed by the current generation. It even becomes sometimes difficult especially for the younger generations to accept that whatever being told actually took place, but have come to accept the facts and taken life wit h stride.There are many changes in the religion, education, employment and the general social life that were brought about by the women movements, which were not spontaneous. It was the women’s deliberate brave actions that led to the changes to take place.   In many cases, women have never been passive recipient in changes that took place in the society. Women applied many different tactics in bringing change in the society, and most of the tactics have been completely non violent. Good enough, these tactics have always been a success.It is evident that the women’s rights movements bore good fruits by the look of how many women hold high profile jobs in the government and even private institutions. This has been further shown by the political will which saw Senator Hillary Clinton ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. Women had a lot of difficulties to make entrance in the political arena in the past.Women Suffrage and Rights MovementAmerican gained indepe ndent from the colonial powers many years, but the women still did not enjoy the freedom for quite a long period. In the fight for the independent of the US, the women had played significant roles which were as well dangerous. However, the government did not give these women active roles to play in the society. These among other concerns led to the beginning of the women to struggle in what they believed was their rights.After America declared its independence from Britain, the constitution gave the white males who could read and write the powers to vote. After slavery was abolished, the constitution was changed to allow the black males to vote. At all this time, women were not allowed to vote. Women were not even economically independent. All a woman had belonged to the husband the moment they got married.   This implied that women were not full citizens of the US during that time. The women suffrage movement was started in the mid 19th century as a way of fighting for the womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s voting rights. Led by Susan Anthony among other leaders, the women believed in having economic as well as personal independence. In essence the women believed that for there to be social development in the society, women had to be empowered, and be treated in the same manner as men, with the privileges men enjoyed, e.g. voting (Dinkin, 1995).Susan Anthony was encouraged to take up women empowerment from her church (Quakers), which believed in women rights. With these believes, Susan spoke against injustices on women and the blacks. Political power controls many aspects of life, and it is without political empowerment that Susan realized women cannot be free citizens. Therefore, Susan campaigned for the women’s to have the right to vote. Initially, because women were never used to doing things for themselves, they could not even see the importance of being told that they needed to have the rights to vote. Since women did not own anything for themselves, the struggle s eemed to be very difficult to undertake. It was difficult to make any meaningful changes to the women unless they were independent (Aks, 2004).Susan later met Elizabeth C. Stanton who also strongly supported for the women’s rights. The two collaborated and they saw the fruits of their struggle come to fruition in 1860 when New York passed the laws that allowed for the married women to own property, and have a say on their salaries. This success in New York started to spread into other areas.After the end of the civil war, Miss Anthony expanded her struggle to help the blacks have more rights by enabling them to vote. This was achieved in 1868 when the black men were allowed to vote, but not the women. This did not go down well with Miss Anthony who wanted to see the women’s voting rights included in the fourteenth amendment. After failing to secure this, Miss Anthony led a group of women to vote in the presidential elections of 1872 knowing that they did not have the r ights to do so(DuBois, 1998). This led to her being arrested and charged for violating the voting rules. After being found guilty of the offence, Miss Anthony refused to pay the hundred thousands dollar fine she had been asked to pay. Instead she went ahead to fight for the constitutional amendment that required women to have voting rights. Miss Anthony continued with this struggle until her old age when she died in 1906, knowing that at last her struggle would one day see the daylight even though she might not have lived to see it. This was achieved in 1919 when the US congress amended the law to allow women to vote. This become an effective law in 1920, and named the Anthony amendment in honor of her struggle (DuBois, 1998).Although many of the women’s movement have been known to be non violent, the early movements took some radical forms. Before Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton came into play, there had been other feminist movements led by Kate Mullaney and Augusta Lewis. Abo litionist movements, which were radical, were led by women like Fanny Wright and Grimke sisters. At this time, women were more of slaves as they did not have any saying upon their lives the moment they got married.The first Women Movements that took place in the US were tied to anti slavery campaigns. Due to the participation in the abolitionist Movements, it is when the women realized that they were themselves the slaves while all along they thought to be free people. The first Women’ Rights Convention started in 1848 after Mrs. Stanton and her colleague were denied a chance to participate in the convention that took place in 1840, which was fighting against slavery (Sanders, 2007). It is rather amazing to realize that a lot of information concerning the women’s rights to vote has been given more powers and acknowledgement than the feminists and the abolitionist movements. This has exposed the hypocritical structure of the male power in the United States. Since the Un ited States got its independence, it emerged that democracy was to prevail. However, this was never the case to be. Only a few white men enjoyed the freedom while letting the whole bunch of women and the blacks to struggle in the society considered to be democratic. Therefore, the Women’s Rights Movement and the abolitionist movements were almost tearing the country apart working together or separately. This was evident during the civil war (Dinkin, 1995).Looking at how long it took for the American women to get the rights to vote, it shows how the male domination was opposed to the women empowerment. It took a lot of effort and dedication to change the â€Å"male† in the constitution so that the women could get the fundamental rights of voting which is usually the key to many other rights. Different many campaigns had to be carried out to convince the legislatures to accept for women suffrage.After the abolition of slavery, it became a constitutional concern on how to handle the freed slaves.   The women leaders took the advantage of the confusion that raged at the constitutional office to push for their own rights to be encroached in the constitution. The consideration of the rights to vote as a natural right was enhanced during the reconstruction period. This belief strengthened the women’s belief in suffrage rights. If voting is a natural right for everybody, it turns out that the women were not asking for anything special or anything that is far much beyond what they needed to get. It even made the female leaders to be more agitated for the rights when they realized that when they demanded their rights, it was regarded as women and Negroes matters and not the white males in the society. It did not imply that the women or the Negroes demanded for any special favor that the male whites did not have. The women were opposed to human beings being segregated in terms of sex or race. This kind of segregation showed barbaric behaviors by th e white males (Robnett, 1999).Therefore, as the Republican Party went ahead to discus the constitution in regards to the freed salves, the women leaders insisted on the constitution being discussed on the basis on universal suffrage and not any special basis. The important point during the reconstruction era was that black women were given more attention than had previously done. Introducing the black woman in the political dialogue was an opportunity that was grabbed by the women leaders to champion for the rights of the women. Championing for the rights of the black woman seemed a better leeway for the women leaders to use than using the white woman. Whether to undertake reconstruction basing on black suffrage or universal suffrage caused division within the Republican Party. Those who were opposed to slavery abolition were never willing to admit that they erred in the status of slavery as far as natural rights were concerned. This similarly applied to reconstruction-era politicia ns who could not take in the political strength the women claimed (Robnett, 1999).There are many forces that can be attributed to the reasons why men were so much opposed to women suffrage. One major reason that could be attributed to this is capitalism. The Women Rights Movements were from the start pro the labor reforms which the industrial states especially in the North vehemently opposed. The women offered cheap labor supply in these states, hence letting them have their voting rights implied a threat to these states.The second reason the women suffrage was fought much came from the South, when linking the issues to racism. The Women Rights Movements were mostly linked with the black struggle. Therefore, to keep their interests, the states that enjoyed and supported slavery and slave trade were against suffrage (Wilkerson-Freeman, 2002).The government policies seemed to protect the interests of a few greedy and selfish politicians who wanted to maintain their own interests, as t hey knew that it might not be possible to have their way if the women were allowed to vote. The politicians knew that if at all they allowed women to vote, then they would demand for the change of for instance child labor laws and other laws that only favored the powerful men.The church and the family also played a major role in making it difficult for women to get their rights. Many churches taught of a woman being submissive and her role reduced to only that of procreation. If this was changed, the male feared for their dominance and supremacy being washed away and feeling that this could lead to sexual double standard. It was felt that by giving the women the rights they demanded would mean doing away with the traditional family structure, and in the end threaten the male dominance.The major obstacle in recognizing for the women’s rights was entrenched into the law. The male used all means in their powers to see that the suffrage did not go through. Even after along strugg le to have the constitutional change which came after many years in the 1918, many men used several tactics to delay the system being fully operational which saw it coming into full operation in 1920. However, the opposers never gave up that easily because the constitution had been changed. They used other tactics to derail and undermine the efforts and the other major aims that suffrage had (DuBois, 1998).It seems that with the struggle for gaining the rights to vote, everything else that pertained to the women’s rights movements had been swallowed. The original organizers who had visions on where they wanted to take the movement died leaving other generations to take over without knowing exactly what to do nor how to act. Therefore, by the time the suffrage movement was being disbanded, the women’s movements were long no more. This means those who were opposed to the women’s movements were again having their way.ConclusionThe women fought endlessly to get the rights the current women are enjoying in the American society. However, it can not be said that the women have attained a full political independence. Many women are still voting or governing as wives. The women voters seem to be manipulated in the voting pattern by the male dominance. However, the bright side is that many women work and keep their wages instead of it being referred to as the property of the man. The women can make their own arrangement of their wages as well as being able to make any other decisions that affect their lives.Reference:Aks J. H (2004): Womens Rights in Native North America: Legal Mobilization in the US and Canada, LFB Scholarly Publishing,Dinkin R J. (1995): Before Equal Suffrage: Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial Times to 1920, Greenwood Press,DuBois E. C (1998): Woman Suffrage and Womens Rights; ISBN 0814719015, NYU Press.Robnett B (1999): How Long? How Long? African American Women and the Struggle for Civil Rights; New York, Oxford Universit y Press,Sanders V (2007): African American Women and the Struggle for Racial Equality: Viv Sanders Corrects the Male Bias in the Study of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA, Journal of History Review,Wilkerson-Freeman S (2002): The Second Battle for Woman Suffrage: Alabama White Women, the Poll Tax, and V. O. Keys Master Narrative of Southern Politics, Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68,;