Juan Domingo Peron and Argentinas Nazis

Juan Domingo Peron and Argentina's Nazis After World War Two, Europe was full of former Nazis and wartime collaborators in once-occupied nations. Many of these Nazis, such as Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele, were war criminals actively searched for by their victims and Allied forces. As for collaborators from France, Belgium, and other nations, to say that they were no longer welcome in their native countries is an epic understatement: many collaborators were sentenced to death. These men needed a place to go, and most of them headed to South America, particularly Argentina, where populist president Juan Domingo Peron welcomed them. Why did Argentina and Perà ³n accept these desperate, wanted men with the blood of millions on their hands? The answer is somewhat complicated. Perà ³n and Argentina Before the War Argentina had long enjoyed close ties with three European nations above all others: Spain, Italy, and Germany. Coincidentally, these three formed the heart of the Axis alliance in Europe (Spain was technically neutral but was a de facto member of the alliance). Argentina’s ties to Axis Europe are quite logical: Argentina was colonized by Spain and Spanish is the official language, and much of the population is of Italian or German descent due to decades of immigration from those countries. Perhaps the greatest fan of Italy and Germany was Perà ³n himself: he had served as an adjunct military officer in Italy in 1939-1941 and had a great deal of personal respect for Italian fascist Benito Mussolini. Much of Peron’s populist posturing was borrowed from his Italian and German role models. Argentina in World War Two When the war broke out, there was much support in Argentina for the Axis cause. Argentina technically remained neutral but aided the Axis powers as actively as they could. Argentina was teeming with Nazi agents, and Argentine military officers and spies were common in Germany, Italy, and parts of occupied Europe. Argentina bought arms from Germany because they feared a war with pro-Allied Brazil. Germany actively cultivated this informal alliance, promising major trade concessions to Argentina after the war. Meanwhile, Argentina used its position as a major neutral nation to try and broker peace agreements between the warring factions. Eventually, pressure from the USA forced Argentina to break relations with Germany in 1944, and even formally join the Allies in 1945 a month before the war ended and once it was clear that Germany would lose. Privately, Peron assured his German friends that the declaration of war was just for show.   Anti-Semitism in Argentina Another reason Argentina supported the Axis powers was the rampant anti-Semitism from which the nation suffered. Argentina has a small but significant Jewish population, and even before the war began, Argentines were beginning to persecute their Jewish neighbors. When Nazi persecutions of Jews in Europe began, Argentina hastily slammed its doors on Jewish immigration, enacting new laws designed to keep these â€Å"undesirable† immigrants out. By 1940, only those Jews who had connections in the Argentine government or who could bribe consular bureaucrats in Europe were allowed into the nation. Peron’s Minister of Immigration, Sebastian Peralta, was a notorious anti-Semite who wrote lengthy books on the menace posed to society by Jews. There were rumors of concentration camps being built in Argentina during the war – and there was probably something to these rumors – but in the end, Perà ³n was too pragmatic to try and kill off Argentina’s Jews, who contributed much to the economy. Active Aid for Nazi Refugees Although it’s never been a secret that many Nazis fled to Argentina after the war, for a while no one suspected just how actively the Perà ³n administration aided them. Perà ³n dispatched agents to Europe – primarily Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Scandinavia – with orders to facilitate the flight of Nazis and collaborators to Argentina. These men, including Argentine/German former SS agent Carlos Fuldner, helped war criminals and wanted Nazis to flee with money, papers, and travel arrangements. No one was refused: even heartless butchers like Josef Schwammberger and wanted criminals like Adolf Eichmann were sent to South America. Once they arrived in Argentina, they were given money and jobs. The German community in Argentina largely bankrolled the operation through Perà ³n’s government. Many of these refugees met personally with Peron himself. Perà ³n’s attitude Why did Perà ³n help these desperate men? Perà ³n’s Argentina had actively participated in World War Two. They stopped short of declaring war or sending soldiers or weapons to Europe, but aided the Axis powers as much as possible without exposing themselves to the wrath of the Allies should they prove victorious (as they eventually did). When Germany surrendered in 1945, the atmosphere in Argentina was more mournful than joyous. Perà ³n, therefore, felt that he was rescuing brothers-in-arms rather than helping wanted war criminals. He was enraged about the Nuremberg Trials, thinking them a farce unworthy of the victors. After the war, Perà ³n and the Catholic Church lobbied hard for amnesties for the Nazis. â€Å"The Third Position† Perà ³n also thought these men could be useful. The geopolitical situation in 1945 was more complicated than we sometimes like to think. Many people – including most of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church – believed that the communist Soviet Union was a far greater threat in the long run than fascist Germany. Some even went so far as to declare early in the war that the USA should ally itself with Germany against the USSR. Perà ³n was one such man. As the war wrapped up, Perà ³n was not alone in foreseeing an imminent conflict between the USA and the USSR. He believed that a third world war would break out no later than 1949. Perà ³n saw this upcoming war as an opportunity. He wished to position Argentina as a major neutral country affiliated neither with American capitalism nor Soviet communism. He felt that this â€Å"third position† would turn Argentina into a wild card that could sway the balance one way or the other in the â€Å"inevitable† confl ict between capitalism and communism. The ex-Nazis flooding into Argentina would help him: they were veteran soldiers and officers whose hatred of communism was beyond question. Argentina’s Nazis after Peron Perà ³n fell from power abruptly in 1955, went into exile and would not return to Argentina until nearly 20 years later. This sudden, fundamental shift in Argentine politics unnerved many of the Nazis who were hiding out in the country because they could not be certain that another government – especially a civilian one – would protect them as Perà ³n had. They had cause to be worried. In 1960, Adolf Eichmann was snatched off a Buenos Aires street by Mossad agents and taken to Israel to stand trial: the Argentine government complained to the United Nations but little came of it. In 1966, Argentina extradited Gerhard Bohne to Germany, the first Nazi war criminal formally sent back to Europe to face justice: others such as Erich Priebke and Josef Schwammberger would follow in subsequent decades. Many Argentine Nazis, including Josef Mengele, fled to more lawless places, such as the jungles of Paraguay or isolated parts of Brazil. In the long run, Argentina was probably hurt more than helped by these fugitive Nazis. Most of them tried to blend into Argentina’s German community, and the smart ones kept their heads low and never talked about the past. Many went on to become productive members of Argentine society, albeit not in the way Perà ³n had envisioned, as advisors facilitating Argentina’s rise to a new status as major world power. The best of them were successful in quiet ways. The fact that Argentina had not only allowed so many war criminals to escape justice but had actually gone to great pains to bring them there, became a stain on Argentina’s national honor and informal human rights record. Today, decent Argentines are embarrassed by their nation’s role in sheltering monsters like Eichmann and Mengele. Sources: Bascomb, Neil. Hunting Eichmann. New York: Mariner Books, 2009 Goà ±i, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron’s Argentina. London: Granta, 2002. Posner, Gerald L., and John Ware.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mengele: The Complete Story. 1985. Cooper Square Press, 2000. Walters, Guy. Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. Random House, 2010.

Medication Profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medication Profile - Assignment Example Subsequently, in interferes with the ability to clear environmental chemicals and therapeutic drugs. It is this factor besides reduced capacity for renal clearance that causes the patient develops drawn out preservation of several drugs in individuals with advanced age such as the patient in question. The profile uses the developed geriatric pharmacokinetic database to study changes in the capacity of the body to clear drugs considering the advanced age of 73 years. From the database, more than half of the drugs that hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme processes and even through elimination in the renal averages 70 percent in the 73-year old patient. The percentage would be lower if the patient was younger preferably below 65 years. The high percentage explains why the patient is susceptible to kidney and liver diseases (Power 49). Development of these diseases complicates the clearance function of the liver and kidney further. Prescribing more drugs to the patient also referred to as polypharmacy, increases the chances of drugs interacting in the body of the patient. It comes with negative consequences. Considering the age of the patient, her nervous system has several modifications among others changed neurotransmitter, neuronal loss, altered receptor levels, and reduced capacity to change caused by xenobiotics. Changes in the central nervous of the patient increase her vulnerability to neurologic dysfunction with the threat from unitary pharmacologic agents. Other dangerous agents are environmental toxicants and polypharmacy (Priglinger 1408). The several factors affecting the patient’s ability to respond to neuroactive causal agents transforms the assessment of environmental risks in the patient a special apprehension because it presents the toughest challenge. Causal agents include pesticides, heavy metals, and general neurotoxicants. They have the potential to affect the nervous system of an individual in the end. It was the

Compare and Contrast God's nature in the Book of Proverbs, Book of Term Paper

Compare and Contrast God's nature in the Book of Proverbs, Book of Ecclesiastes and the Book of Job - Term Paper Example The book of Proverbs on the other hand gives an account of the expressions of man in the radiance of God’s wisdom and counsel. The book does this through giving of practical living teachings, righteousness and actions as well as attitudes that are godly. Lastly, Ecclesiastes gives an expression of man to himself, as he appears to question the existence of inequities as well as idiocy in life (Whybray 24). Job provides for an exception of the general rule that is depicted in Proverbs, as it does not matter how Job lived as the supernatural powers in this case God, demons and angles. The supernatural powers also include persons who could interrupt the formal way of things and have the Book of Proverbs to seem untruthful to persons who aspires to live wisely but finds his life a disaster. This is different from the book of Ecclesiastes that provides accounts that we can relate to be as true to the normal personal experiences that persons can live a horrible life but still be succ essful. One could possibly read the proverbs and identify a clear theme being emphasized unlike the Job. Job is better understood if read as a whole unlike any other book in the Old Testament (Whybray 28). ... Wisdom literature is divided into two namely; speculative and proverbial wisdom. Proverbial wisdom is displayed in the book of proverbs whereby pithy, short sayings whereby God’s nature is revealed in set rules for personal welfare and happiness. Speculative wisdom is found in the book of Ecclesiastes and Jobs. Wisdom in Ecclesiastes is in term of monologues whereas job wisdom literature is that of dialogues. In this type of speculative wisdom, God nature is revealed through problems as a way of shaping the relationship between people and God (Rowley, p. 234). To begin with, the Book of Job purposes to give a justification of Job’s fear for God. The book is a direct of companion to the facts of the accounts of life that were written by Solomon in the books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. Despite him being wealthy (Job 1:13), Job undergoes a lot of suffering and gives us the true illustrations of faith, trust and perseverance. Through the book God’s character and ju stice is placed at the forefront of all the discussions that Job had with his friends. In Job 3, job curses the day of his birth and relates it to darkness, chaos and gloom as well as cursing his maker we are made to seek to know if at all man can be just and blameless in the eyes of the Lord. Through Eliphaz (Job 6:24-30) we are given the idea that God only reproves those who are unjust and wicked and this is believed to be the cause for Job’s suffering. However, Job accounts that no man is just and blameless before the lord and is quick to ask for clemency. The book incites diverse interpretations, which range from basic morality to philosophical discussions (Rowley, 295). The book emphasizes on the importance of wisdom, as this is what Job

The Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

The Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay Non-renewable energy sources is widely used for its relatively cheap price, it is readily available, its location, integration, and economic benefits. Nonrenewable energy sources are a lot cheaper to mine and utilize versus the alternative renewable energy resources. The United States Energy Information Administration states that power plants fueled by coal and other nonrenewable energy sources produce electricity at a cheaper cost than when generated by renewable energy source, wind for example. Biofuels, derived from plants, are more expensive to produce and yield a worse miles per gallon rating than non-renewable source petroleum. Many people have supported the use of renewable energy, but have not thought of the negative effects it can bring to society if it were to completely replace non-renewable energy sources. It can lead to an increase in unemployment if this were to happen. Fossil fuel industries employ millions of people and generate more than a trillion dollars in revenue . The transition of adopting an alternative energy will provide jobs but the magnitude of such action will only be hard to do. Renewable energy can only be sited in certain location and its distribution is no readily available to that of petroleum. Petroleum, a fossil fuel, can be easily distributed through pipelines to most areas at a relatively low cost. This provides a better alternative than that of alternative energy sources. Take wind turbines as an example, an electric-producing generator that requires areas that have significant amount of winds are not as effective as utilizing oil that is readily available. Global infrastructures are designed to use non-renewable energy and the integration of renewable sources is one that is hard to implement. Making this transition will require wholesale changes in energy production and its distribution. Biofuel, an alternative energy, requires its own pumps and well which require a huge investment of capital on part of the seller. Just li ke non-renewable energy, sources have its advantages it also has its disadvantages (http://www.ehow.com/list_7221490_benefits-nonrenewable-energy-sources.html). Non-renewable energy sources, fossil fuels, is highly sought for being the cheapest alternative other energy, but many disadvantages exists with its use. The issues entangled with such energy source are that it is a finite source, produces pollution, environmental issues, and human dependency. Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels will eventually run out and humans must shift to other alternatives. It takes millions of years for fossil fuels to form and we are consuming them at a fast rate. Once this finite source runs out, humans will need to invest in alternative energies and if not done in time, it can stunt economic growth. Fossil fuels when utilized produce a byproduct known as carbon dioxide, which is the culprit to hurting the human health. Many industrial companies produce tons of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxide into the atmosphere causing a greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the main contributor to global warming, the process of earths increase in temper ature due to the destruction of the ozone layer. This contributes to the melting of ice caps, which in return will raise the ocean and destroy habitats. During mining for coal and drilling oil there are many dangers to the environment involved. It creates an imbalance to our ecosystem by destroying the land and the surrounding habitats. Oil spills caused by drilling in the oceans damages the marine life and the natural balance of the underwater ecosystem (http://www.ehow.com/info_7823431_disadvantages-nonrenewable-sources-energy.html). Non-renewable energy source mainly consist of coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power. In the United States and many other countries the most well-known fossil fuel is coal. Coal has been used as a power source since the dawn of the industrial revolution. Coal was formed from plant life buried in the Earth millions of years ago and it is carbon based. (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbMpSsF). It is the largest non-renewable energy sources consumed in the United States. During 1997, U.S. coal production reached a record high of 1,087 million tons, an increase of 2.3 percent, or 25 million tons, above 1996 production levels (PDF). Coal is commonly used to produce electricity in power plants, fuel for heating, and for making steel. Many chemicals derived from coal are used to produce and manufacture nylon, paints, plastics, and rubber among other products. Coal is ranked based on the amount of heat it produces. It is ranked, in increasing order, brown coal, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Bituminous is the most common type and is soft coal. Just as coal is sought for its properties and use, oil is also a strong non-renewable energy source. Crude oil comes in a variety of characteristics it ranges from a very fluid volatile liquid to a viscous like fluid, close to semisolid. Their density varies, according to how dense the crude oil is, it is described as heavy, average or light. The lighter it the density the more gasoline it contains, a preferred refined product. It can come in multiple colors in its crude state. Colors consist of black, green, yellow, or even transparent. Gasoline, also known in its raw form as petroleum is another fossil fuel. Everyone knows about gasoline because the important role it plays in our economy. Gasoline powers the majority of automobiles and vehicles on the planet today. The combustion engine made using gasoline a cheap and efficient source of energy for powering these vehicles (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbCUaYE). Crude oil, a hydrocarbon, is composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen with some minor impurities of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. It has multiple applications, once refined, such as gasoline, kerosene, furnace oil, and many other types. Petroleum is a crude oil that can be distilled to make lubricating oils, asphalt, and other products. Along with coal, it is one of the major producers of energy. In combination, coal and petroleum produce 60 percent of U.S. energy consumed today and their use is expected to generate 20 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity by 2015, up from a 1995 level of 11.4 trillion kilowatt-hours (PDF). Another non-renewable source composed of hydrocarbons is Natural gas. Natural gas is a mixture of flammable gases, mainly the hydrocarbons methane and ethane that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth. Natural gas is commonly found in association with petroleum due to the same favorable condition they are found it. It can be manufactured directly from coal and petroleum as well. Natural gas is favorable as an energy source because it inexpensive to transport via pipelines from one place to anot her. It is estimated that about 100 million metric tons of natural gas are reserve, estimated to last about 100 years. Another non-renewable energy source was expected to a clean and cheap alternative but lacked support. Nuclear power does not produce pollution such as greenhouse gasses compared to fossil fuels. Many believed this energy, at one point, be cheaper and outlast many other non-renewable resources. Many electrical power plants take advantage of nuclear energy as an alternative for producing electricity. Nuclear reactors provide the energy to heat the water that is converted into steam, which then drives a turbine-generator to produce electricity. The fission of uranium atoms allows the production of heat in the reactors to also produce the steam. Uranium is the fuel for nuclear reactors. It is an abundant and naturally radioactive element found in most rocks and as it decays it produces heat inside the Earths crust. This process is similar in a nuclear reactor. Heat is produced in a nuclear reactor when neutrons strike uranium atoms, causing them to split in a continuous chain reaction. There are several commercial reactors distributed around the United States whose design consist mainly of heavy steel pressure vessels surrounding the reactor core. This reactor core contains the uranium. Nuclear power, a non-renewable energy source, deemed to be the best compared to others in terms of clean efficient energy but its lack of management stunt its growth. Construction costs and the numerous regulation imposed by the government led this project to more expensive than originally predicted making it a nonprofit source, something not acceptable. Along with its poor management there posed many dangers with handling nuclear power. Nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania and the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant in Ukraine raised many concerns about its safety. The United States has not built a new nuclear facility in over twenty years, a relatively complex energy source (http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/How_Does_Nuclear_Energy_Work). Non-renewable energy as a source has been controversial for many reasons but humans are highly dependent of it. There are not any alternative and more efficient energy sources that can provide the world with cheaper and more readily energy than fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are frowned upon for the pollution they create. Even strong supporters of fossil fuel use will agree. The pollution leads to climate change, health risks from overexposure, and the highly controversial global warming. Whether it is about the release of greenhouse gases being release or spills of petroleum in natural habitats, the dangers are very real. We can assume that increased coal production and consumption will lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from fossil fuel power plants. Thus, not only is coal consumption increasing but, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas emitted from burning coal, will also increase (PDF). Scientists are looking for better ways to harvest and use fossil fuel. Some include a hybrid mixture of a non-renewable source with a renewable source. The mixing of gasoline with biofuels have shown to provide a cleaner form of carbon fuels such as natural gas and bio matter from livestock (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbWMHIE). Besides the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels, the economic impact also is very damaging. Non-renewable are becoming more scarce and this will increase the price to obtain such needed energy. Non-renewable sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power will eventually run out or harder to produce leading humans to find more efficient renewable sources (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nonrenewableresource.asp#ixzz2Mtc6J7RE).

Power of the Mind Revealed in Albert Camus The Guest Essay -- Albert

Power of the Mind Revealed in Albert Camus' â€Å"The Guest† In â€Å"The Guest†, a short story written by Albert Camus, Camus uses his views on existentialism to define the characters’ values. Camus’ effective use of descriptive words and individual thoughts and actions allows the reader to understand and sympathize with the characters’ judgments of one another, predominantly pertaining to the characters Daru and the Arab. Daru’s responses to the Arab and his decisions, Camus’ description of the Arab, and the Arab’s respect for Daru, prove that there is a basic goodness in humans, allowing them to accept responsibility and consequences for their acts of free will. In â€Å"The Guest†, Daru forms his own opinion about the Arab based on his personal morals, even though the Arab is given qualities that brand him a problematic character. Camus uses intensely descriptive words to describe the Arab’s stinging appearance. â€Å"†¦the whole face had a restless and rebellious look that struck Daru when the Arab, turning his face toward him, looked him straight in the eyes† (318). Even with these seemingl...

Regina Case

Regina Company Inc. was known as a complacent slow-growth company and was dominated by Hoover and Eureka within the floorcare industry. Donald Sheelen was a promising young individual when he was hired first as the head of the marketing division in Regina, and then became its president. Shortly after becoming company president, Sheelen set out to make Regina the industry’s number one company and repeatedly vowed to â€Å"bomb† Hoover, the number one firm in the industry at the time. Sheelen expanded Regina’s product line and started an aggressive advertisement campaign to promote Regina’s products over Hoover’s. His strategy paid off, as Regina’s profits grew substantially, and after Regina went public, its stock price soared by nearly 500 percent, making Sheelen and the company’s other principal stockholders millionaires many times over. However, it turned out that the impressive financial figures released by Regina after it went public were fabricated by Sheelen. Instead of a growth company with bright prospects, Regina was a dying company mired in mounting losses. † The major reason behind Regina’s financial difficulties was the poor quality of its new products, which resulted in a reported 50 percent customer return rates. After realizing that Regina was in a deep trouble, Sheelen, with the help of Regina CFO Vincent Golden, came up with several illicit accounting schemes to keep the company’s stock pric es at a high level. In addition to significantly understating customer product returns and company’s cost of goods, they recorded bogus sales to inflate sales revenues, and implemented a so-called â€Å"ship-in-place† booking scheme. After realizing that he could no longer conceal the company’s deteriorating condition, Sheelen decided to let the public know of the company’s dire financial condition. Although Sheelen and Golden initially blamed the computer system for errors, they later pleaded guilty to federal mail and security fraud charges in 1989. Sheelen served 1 year in prison in a halfway house, and paid a mere $25,000 in fines. One of the charges was that Sheelen and Golden had repeatedly and intentionally misled the company’s audit firm, Peat Marwick. In a sharp contrast to the Mattel case, SEC did not fault Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the massive fraud by Sheelen and Golden, although several articles in financial press did criticize the audit firm. It is interesting that while SEC heavily criticized Arthur Andersen for failing to uncover Mattel’s fraudulent activities, there was not apparently a similar scrutiny of Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina. Based on this article, it seems that Peat Marwick simply trusted Golden’s assurance that no fraudulent transactions had been recorded in Regina’s accounting records, and that Peat Marwick was therefore not to be blamed for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina’s financials. Given that the fraud schemes in both Mattel and Regina were of very similar nature, one wonders why Peat Marwick was not scrutinized to the same degree as Arthur Andersen. There is definitely more to this story than what is told in this article.

The Housing Act Of 1949 - 937 Words

In 1934, Congress created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to assist citizens with their housing needs. According to â€Å"Department of Housing and Urban Development† on Allgov.com, â€Å"In July 1947, the Housing and Home Finance Agency was established to help people buy homes following World War II. Two years later, the Housing Act of 1949 was enacted to help eradicate slums and promote redevelopment in urban areas.† The Department of Housing and Urban Development Act began with the Housing Act of 1949. According to The Department of Housing and Urban Development written by John B. Willmann, â€Å"The Act of 1949 added new prestige to the Housing and Home Finance Agency by authorizing broader public housing activity.† The Housing Act of 1949 also promoted urban redevelopment and research on housing and development problems. Housing programs and redevelopment continued to expand and finally the United States passed the Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD for short, in 1965. The establishment of the eleventh Cabinet-level agency sparked controversy between Democrats and Republicans in the House and Senate. The arguments â€Å"were based on the need for managerial improvement and greater efficiency and coordination of programs, but there was, also, general recognition that the prestige of Cabinet status would benefit housing and urban programs both in Congress and outside government† (Willmann 22). The current Secretary of the Department of Housing and UrbanShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Housing Act of 19491584 Words   |  7 PagesAfter World War II returning veterans faced a shortage of affordable housing at home. The Housing Act of 1949 was passed in order to remedy the situation. Unfortunately, the act led to unforeseen complications that would exacerbate the urban crisis farther. 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